Douglas R. Hofstadter
Publisher: Basic Books (1999)

There seems to he one common culprit in these paradoxes, namely self-reference, or 'Strange Loopiness'. So if the goal is to ban all paradoxes, why not try banning selfreference and anything that allows it to arise? This is not so easy as it might seem, because it can be hard to figure out just where self-reference is occurring. It may be spread out over a whole Strange Loop with several steps, as in this 'expanded' version of Epimenides, reminiscent of Drawing Hands: The following sentence is false. The preceding sentence is true. Taken together, these sentences have the same effect as the original Epimenides paradox: yet separately, they are harmless and even potentially useful sentences. The 'blame' for this Strange Loop can't he pinned on either sentence-only on the way they 'point' at each other. In the same way, each local region of Ascending and Descending is quite legitimate; it is only the way they are globally put together that creates an impossibility.